State-sponsored social movements
نویسنده
چکیده
A state-sponsored social movement refers to a popular movement initiated and endorsed by the central leadership of the state and organized by the government’s apparatuses. Collective action events are peopled by citizens in their capacity as nonstate actors, but the main source of claims, leadership, and organizational resources is from within the state itself, and state actors, in their official capacities, serve as the main organizers. Examples range from a daily ritual that the government calls for its citizens to perform (such as a pledge of allegiance) to a campaign of persecutions against its minorities (such as genocide). Oft-cited historical events such as the Nazi persecution of Jews in Hitler’s Germany and the Cultural Revolution in Mao’s China, are considered to be state-sponsored movements. Other less extreme examples also belong to the category, as will become clear when the concept is further clarified. As a concept to describe the state’s role in social movements, state sponsorship shares similarities with the commonly known concept of political opportunity structure, but it is also qualitatively different from that concept. They both belong to the group of conditions that facilitate the emergence and operation of a social movement. A movement is thought to be more likely to emerge, develop, and succeed if the system is open, the state’s repression capacity is low, the elites are in conflict, and/or some elite members are supportive. For political opportunity structure scholars, a movement is seen as outside the realm of the state, and favorable conditions as constituting a facilitative environment. The boundaries between the state and movement, however, all but disappear in the
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تاریخ انتشار 2012